The hyperphagic experience in obesity: a phenomenological study of French and Brazilian contexts / A experiência hiperfágica na obesidade: um estudo fenomenológico nos contextos francês e brasileiro

This article aims to understand the hyperphagic experience in the obesity of patients in the French and Brazilian contexts. Using the critical phenomenological method, twenty subjects were interviewed in health services in Paris and in Fortaleza. We note an objectification and expropriation of the body often experienced in the hyperphagic experience in obesity. We highlight the emphasis on health in the French context and on form and aesthetics in the Brazilian context. In Fortaleza, there seems to be a more evidenced discrimination in relation to obesity and a pathological discourse, whereas in Paris this pathologization is viewed from a critical position regarding the treatments. We conclude that the hyperphagic experience in obesity reveals a subject who is often lost in his/her way of being and having a body, and that clinical work must involve the re-appropriation of this body and the recovery of the condition of the autonomous subject.

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a experiência hiperfágica na obesidade de pacientes nos contextos francês e brasileiro. Utilizando o método fenomenológico crítico, 20 sujeitos foram entrevistados em serviços de saúde de Paris e de Fortaleza. São evidenciadas a objetificação e a desapropriação do corpo frequentemente vividas na experiência hiperfágica na obesidade. No contexto francês, destaca-se a ênfase na saúde e, no contexto brasileiro, a forma corporal e a estética. Em Fortaleza parece haver uma discriminação em relação à obesidade mais evidenciada e um discurso em direção à patologização dessa experiência, enquanto que em Paris essa patologização é revestida por uma posição crítica em relação aos tratamentos. Conclui-se que a experiência hiperfágica na obesidade revela um sujeito, muitas vezes, perdido em seu modo de ser e de ter um corpo e que o trabalho clínico deve envolver a reapropriação desse corpo e a recuperação de sua condição de sujeito autônomo.

Effect of Dendrobii officinalis superfine powder on overeating greasy-induced metabolic hypertension in rats / 中国中药杂志

Dendrobii officinalis, with a definite effect of nourishing Yin and clearing heat, has been a folk habit for drinking after being mixed with water. Because its superfine powder has the advantages of high dissolution and convenient drinking, we observed the effect of D. officinalis superfine powder on metabolic hypertension model rats and its possible mechanism in this experiment, which can be used as a reference for its clinical application for hypertension. The overeating greasy-induced metabolic hypertension model was established with high-fat, high-sugar and high-purine diet. These rats were orally administered with 400 mg·kg~(-1) and 200 mg·kg~(-1) of D. officinalis superfine powder for 20 consecutive weeks. During this period, blood pressure, blood lipid, blood glucose, insulin and other related indexes of glucose and lipid metabolism were monitored; the levels of lipopolysaccharide(LPS), C-reactive protein(CRP), interleukin 6(IL-6) and other inflammatory mediators were measured; the levels of nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin-1(ET-1) were detected, and the histomorphological and ultrastructural changes of aorta were observed. In addition, the expression of LPS/TLR4 pathway-related molecules in aorta was determined. The results showed that long-term administration of D. officinalis superfine powder significantly reduced the levels of systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP) and mean arterial pressure(MBP) in metabolic hypertension model rats, decreased the levels of total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-c), glucose(Glu), and insulin(INS) levels in blood, increased the contents of high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c),decreased the LPS, CRP, IL-6 and ET-1 levels in blood and increased NO content. Furthermore, it improved the abnormality of aortic histomorphology and endothelial ultrastructure, and inhibited the protein expression of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor(MyD88), IL-6, interleukin-1 β(IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) as well as mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in aorta. In conclusion, D. officinalis superfine powder may improve the abnormal function and structure of blood vessels by inhibiting the activation of LPS/TLR4 pathway, thus playing a role against metabolic hypertension.

Effect of Dendrobium officinale superfine powder on stomach Yin deficiency model mice induced by "spicy overeating" / 中国中药杂志

Dendrobium officinale is a traditional Chinese medicine for nourishing Yin and benefiting stomach. Its superfine powder has many advantages, such as good dissolution, high utilization rate, strong integrity and easy to use. However, the researches on effect of D. officinale superfine powder on stomach Yin deficiency model are still not sufficient. In this experiment, we explored the effect of D. officinale superfine powder in mice model with stomach Yin deficiency caused by "spicy overeating", and provided certain reference value for its application in gastrointestinal diseases. Male ICR mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, Yiweitang group, omeprazole group, and D. officinale superfine powder high, medium and low dose groups. The mixture of wine and pepper liquid was given by gavage administration for 30 d, and the corresponding drug was given for 60 d while the model was conti-nued. The body weight, food intake, water intake, fecal moisture content and particle number, foot temperature of mice were measured. The levels of serum gastrin(Gas), motilin(MTL) and somatostatin(SS) were measured by ELISA. Gastric histomorpho-logy was observed by HE staining. The expression levels of nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) were determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2) and Bcl-2 associated X protein(Bax) in gastric tissues were detected by Western blot. The results showed that D. officinale superfine powder could increase the food intake, water intake, fecal moisture content and particle number, reduce the foot temperature, improve the pathological changes of gastric mucosa, reduce the expression of NF-κB, COX-2 protein in gastric tissues, and increase the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. D. officinale superfine powder can "nourish Yin and benefit the stomach", improve the syndrome of stomach Yin deficiency, such as "hunger but not want to eat, dry mouth but not want to drink, hand and feet hot, constipation", and reduce the damage of gastric mucosa. The mechanism may be related to regulating the secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, inhibiting the inflammation of gastric tissues and promoting the apoptosis of abnormal cells in gastric tissues.

Comportamento alimentar em obesos e sua correlação com o tratamento nutricional / Eating behavior in obesity and its correlation with nutritional treatment

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os tipos de comportamentos alimentares em indivíduos com obesidade e correlacionar com a adesão ao tratamento proposto. Métodos Estudo transversal desenvolvido em instituição de cardiologia em indivíduos com obesidade. Os tipos de comportamentos alimentares foram analisados pela escala The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire - R21 (TFEQ-21) - versão traduzida e adaptada para brasileiros. Nela são abordadas três subescalas: restrição cognitiva (RC), alimentação emocional (AE) e descontrole alimentar (DA). A adesão ao tratamento nutricional foi verificada pelo instrumento desenvolvido pela instituição, baseado nas principais diretrizes de doenças crônicas. Resultados Analisaram-se 100 indivíduos, com maior prevalência do sexo feminino (68%). Em relação à adesão, somente 25% apresentam boa aderência (escore > 60%). Foi possível identificar a relação entre o IMC e a RC; quanto maior o IMC, menor foi a intensidade da RC (p = 0,02). Observou-se correlação positiva entre a RC e adesão ao consumo de gorduras (p = 0,02) e fibra alimentar (p = 0,004). A subescala AE apresentou correlação negativa com a adesão ao consumo de gorduras (p = 0,03) e correlação positiva com a DA (p < 0,01). Conclusões O tipo de comportamento alimentar mais frequente na amostra foi a restrição cognitiva, que não foi correlacionada com o escore total de adesão. A AE foi associada com maior consumo de gorduras, similar ao encontrado em estudos nacionais e internacionais. Nota-se uma lacuna de estudos que relacionam o comportamento alimentar com a adesão ao tratamento nutricional.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the types of eating behavior in individuals with obesity and correlated with adherence to the adopted treatment. Methods Cross-sectional study developed at the institution of cardiology in individuals with obesity. The types of eating behavior were analyzed using the scale The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire - R21 (TFEQ-21) - translated and adapted for Brazilians. Three subscales are addressed: cognitive restriction (CR), emotional eating (EE), and uncontrolled eating (UE). Adherence to nutritional treatment was verified by the instrument developed by the institution, based on the main guidelines for chronic diseases. Results We analyzed 100 individuals, with a higher prevalence of females (68%). Regarding adherence, only 25% have good adherence (score > 60%). It was possible to identify the relationship between the BMI and the CR, the higher or lower the BMI was the intensity of the CR (p = 0.02) There was a positive correlation between CR and adherence to fat (p = 0.02) and dietary fiber (p = 0.004). The EE subscale showed a negative correlation with adherence to fat consumption (p = 0.03) and a positive correlation with UE (p < 0.01). Conclusions The most frequent type of eating behavior in the sample was cognitive restriction and was not correlated with the total adherence score. AE was associated with greater consumption of fats, like national and international studies. There is a gap in studies that relate to eating behavior with adherence to nutritional treatment.

Weight control practices, beliefs, self-efficacy, and eating behaviors in college weight class athletes

Executive function performance in patients with obesity: a systematic review / Desempeño en tareas de funcionamiento ejecutivo en pacientes con obesidad: una revisión sistemática

Abstract Executive dysfunction is associated with the inability to control aberrant behaviors, such as chronic overeating (Moore, Sabino, Koob, & Cottone, 2017). Obese individuals often report great difficulties controlling eating behaviors, despite a desire to successfully lose weight (Dohle, Diel, & Hofmann, 2018). However, current literature lacks a systematic review about the relationship between executive dysfunction and Obesity. The aim of this study is to present the most important findings about this matter. First, a bibliometric analysis shows the evolution of the topic. Then, the Tree of Science tool is used to show a chronological review that provides a general description of the roots and current perspectives of the state of literature. Finally, clustering analysis of the co-citation network was employed to identify the different perspectives of the topic. The main findings suggest four approaches: (1) effects of body mass index on executive functioning, (2) executive functioning in children with overweight and obesity, (3) physical activity for adult obesity and (4) structural and functional brain changes in obesity. Preliminary data state that in obesity, poor food choices may be associated with frontal cognitive impairments that contribute to reduced orbitofrontal cortex volume.

Resumen Las alteraciones en el funcionamiento ejecutivo están relacionadas con la incapacidad de controlar conductas como comer en exceso. Pacientes con diagnóstico de obesidad reportan dificultades para controlar las conductas alimentarias, a pesar del deseo de perder peso. Sin embargo, la literatura actual carece de una revisión sistemática sobre la relación entre las alteraciones del funcionamiento ejecutivo y la obesidad. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar los hallazgos más importantes sobre este tema. Primero, un análisis bibliométrico muestra la evolución del tema. Luego, desde la herramienta Tree of Science se presenta una revisión cronológica que proporciona una descripción general de estudios seminales y perspectivas actuales del estado de la literatura. Finalmente, se empleó el análisis de agrupamiento de la red de co-citaciones para identificar las diferentes perspectivas del tema. Los hallazgos sugieren cuatro perspectivas: (1) los efectos del índice de masa corporal en el funcionamiento ejecutivo, (2) el funcionamiento ejecutivo en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad, (3) la actividad física en adultos con obesidad y (4) los cambios cerebrales estructurales y funcionales en la obesidad. Los datos preliminares sugieren que, en la obesidad, la mala elección de alimentos puede asociarse con deficiencias cognitivas frontales que pueden ser el resultado de disminuciones en el volumen de la corteza orbitofrontal.

Estado nutricional de una población escolar en España y su relación con hábitos de alimentación y actividad física / Nutritional status of a school population in Spain and its relationship to eating habits and physical activity

La obesidad infantil ha incrementado su prevalencia en España, y aunque se considera un problema multifactorial, es atribuible principalmente al aumento de la ingesta y la disminución de la actividad física por un ocio sedentario mayor. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infantil en la Zona Básica de Salud (ZBS) de Menasalbas (Toledo, España), y la influencia de los hábitos alimentarios, de actividad física y deporte, y de ocio sedentario. Se realizó un estudio transversal en la población escolarizada de 3 a 12 años de la ZBS de Menasalbas, tomando medidas de peso y talla a 725 menores, calculando su IMC y clasificando su estado ponderal según las tablas de Cole. También se recogieron datos referentes a sus hábitos alimentarios y cuestionario Kidmed de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, y hábitos de actividad física y ocio sedentario, para estudiar su relación con el estado ponderal de los menores. La prevalencia de sobrecarga ponderal (suma de prevalencias de sobrepeso y obesidad) fue del 24,9%, con un 18,8% de sobrepeso y un 6,1% de obesidad, sin diferencias por edad y sexo. No se observaron diferencias respecto a los hábitos alimentarios, pero si una menor actividad física y un mayor ocio sedentario en aquellos con sobrecarga ponderal. La prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en nuestra población es elevada, aunque menor a las de otros trabajos. La alimentación, la actividad física y el ocio sedentario influenciaron el sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil en este estudio(AU)

Childhood obesity has increased its prevalence in Spain, and although it´s considered a multifactorial problem, it is mainly attributable to increased intake and decreased physical activity due to increased sedentary leisure. The objective of this study was to know the prevalence of overweight and childhood obesity in the Basic Health Zone (ZBS) of Menasalbas (Toledo, Spain), and the influence of eating habits, physical activity and sport, and sedentary entertainment. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the school children of 3 to 12 years of age in the ZBS of Menasalbas, taking weight and height measurements for 725 minors, calculating their BMI and classifying their weight status according to Cole´s tables. Data regarding their eating habits and Kidmed questionnaire of adherence to the mediterranean diet, physical activity habits and sedentary leisure habits were also collected, to study its relationship with the weigh status of minors. The prevalence of weight overload (understood as the sum of the prevalence of overweight and obesity) was 24.9% , with 18.8% overweight and 6.1% of obesity, with no differences by age and sex. No differences were observed regarding eating habits, but less physical activity and a more sedentary leisure in those with weight overload was observed. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in our population is high, although lower than reported in other works. Diet, physical activity and sedentary leisure are confirmed as fundamental aspects in childhood overweight and obesity(AU)

Comparación de la conducta alimentaria en niños de diferentes establecimientos educacionales y estado nutricional / Comparison of food behavior among school children by educational establishment and nutritional status

RESUMEN La conducta alimentaria en escolares está dada por grandes cambios, en este periodo adquieren mayor relevancia los hábitos alimentarios que determinarán su alimentación futura. Objetivo: Comparar la conducta alimentaria en escolares de diferentes establecimientos educacionales según estado nutricional. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal, se aplicó cuestionario de comportamiento de alimentación infantil a 270 madres/tutores de niños entre 6 a 8 años de colegios públicos, subvencionados y privados de Viña del Mar, Chile. Resultados: El 49,6% de los niños presentó mal- nutrición por exceso. Los niños con obesidad presentaron respuestas positivas a la ingesta alimentaria en situaciones de molestia, preocupación y enojo, no fueron exigentes al momento de introducir nuevos sabores y fueron rápidos para comer (p<0,05). Al diferenciar por establecimiento, sólo el colegio particular presenta diferencias entre los niños con distinto estado nutricional, tanto en dimensiones de sobre ingesta como de antiingesta (p <0,05). Conclusiones: Los escolares de 6 a 8 años no presentaron diferencias significativas en su conducta alimentaria, niños con obesidad se asociaron positivamente a conducta de proingesta. Los niños del colegio público mantuvieron la misma conducta alimentaria, independiente de su estado nutricional, evidenciando mayor riesgo a presentar malnutrición por exceso a futuro, a diferencia del colegio particular.

ABSTRACT Eating behavior in schoolchildren is marked by great changes. In this period, eating habits acquire greater relevance as they will determine future behaviors. Objective: To compare feeding behaviors among schoolchildren by school type and nutritional status. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study in which a child eating behavior questionnaire was applied to 270 mothers / guardians of children between 6 and 8 years from public, subsidized and private schools in Viña del Mar, Chile was conducted. Results: Nearly half (49.6%) of children had malnutrition due to excess. Children with obesity had positive responses to food intake in situations of discomfort, worry and anger, were not demanding when introduced to new flavors and were quick to eat (p <0.05). When comparing by establishment, differences between children by nutritional status were observed only in those attending private schools, in terms of excess-intake and anti-eating (p <0.05). Conclusions: Children from 6 to 8 years old did not present significant differences in their eating behavior, children with obesity reported pro-eating behavior. Children attending public schools maintained the same eating behavior, independent of their nutritional status, showing a higher risk of malnutrition due to excess in the future, unlike those attending private school.

Comportamiento alimentario en inmigrantes, aportes desde la evidencia / Food behavior in immigrants, contributions from the evidence

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir la evidencia existente respecto del comportamiento alimentario y dieta en inmigrantes, sus características y las dimensiones consideradas para su estudio. Debido al aumento progresivo de la migración de latinoamericanos hacia Chile durante las últimas décadas y la escasa evidencia acerca del posible impacto que genera este nuevo contexto cultural en sus hábitos alimentarios, estado nutricional y salud en general. Se ha reportado que el proceso de migración tiende a provocar un impacto negativo en la salud de los inmigrantes asociados a un mayor riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus, malnutrición por exceso y a una peor calidad de vida relacionadas a un mayor grado de asimilación y a conductas alimentarias poco saludables como el consumo de alimentos altamente procesados ricos en grasa y azúcares, mayor frecuencia de comida fuera del hogar y aumento de colaciones dulces. Sin embargo, existen diferencias por sexo, edad, país de origen, nivel socioeconómico, composición del barrio, y tiempo de residencia por lo que resulta necesario generar evidencia del contexto chileno que permita caracterizar el comportamiento alimentario y la dieta de los inmigrantes para diseñar medidas sanitarias culturalmente competentes que favorezcan su salud y calidad de vida.

ABSTRACT The objective of this review was to describe the existing evidence regarding the dietary behavior and diet of immigrants, their characteristics and the dimensions considered for their study due to the progressive increase in the migration of Latin Americans to Chile during the last decades and the scarce evidence about the possible impact generated by this new cultural context in eating habits, nutritional status and health in general. It has been reported that the migration process tends to have a negative impact on the health of immigrants associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition due to excess and a lower quality of life related to a greater degree of assimilation and unhealthy behaviors such as the consumption of highly processed foods rich in fat and sugars, greater frequency of eating out and increased sweet snacks. However, there are differences by sex, age, country of origin, socioeconomic level, neighborhood composition and residence time so it is necessary to produce evidence from the Chilean context that allows for the characterization of food behavior and diet of immigrants to design culturally competent measures that favor health and quality of life.

Relationship between Home Meal Replacement Use and Eating Habits in Korean Adults in their 20~30s

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between HMR use and eating habits in young Korean adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 575 adults (232 men, 343 women) in their 20s and 30s in Korea. Their use of HMRs (classified as ready-to-eat, ready-to-cook, and fresh convenience foods) and eating habits were surveyed. The main reasons for HMR use by men and women were convenience (54.7%, 64.4%) and promptness (24.2%, 24.2%), respectively. The most frequent place for HMR purchase was a convenience store (74.1% and 65.0%, respectively). Regarding the frequency of HMR use, 1~2 times a week was the highest for ready-to-eat (40.9%) and ready-to-cook (30.1%), while no eating was the highest for fresh convenience foods (41.0%). HMR preference was the highest (3.8 out of 5 on a 5-point scale) for ready-to-eat, followed by ready-to-cook (3.3 points) and fresh convenience foods (3.3 points). The use frequency and preference of total HMRs, ready-to-eat foods, and ready-to-eat foods were positively correlated with unfavorable eating habits, including unbalanced eating, overeating, salty eating, spicy eating, skipping, and irregular meals. However, fresh convenience foods showed negative correlations with unbalanced eating, overeating, and salty eating. The use frequency and preference of total HMRs, ready-to-eat foods, and ready-to-cook foods were positively correlated with undesirable eating habits. However, fresh convenience food showed a negative correlation with eating habits such as unbalanced, overeating, and salty eating. These results should be considered for favorable food production and consumer guidance to promote healthy food choices.

Relationship between Dietary Behaviors and Life Stress of Middle School Students in Gyeonggi Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to examine the dietary behaviors and life stress of middle school students in the Gyeonggi area. METHODS: A total of 580 middle school students (295males, 285 females) in the Gyeonggi area participated in the study between July and August in 2011. The study was a questionnaire-based survey that included dietary habits, dietary behaviors, and life stress. RESULTS: For dietary habits, the score for drinking milk was higher in male students than in female students, whereas the score for eating fruits was higher in female students compared to male students. There were significant differences in foods eaten and preferred under stress between male and female students. Male students showed significantly less changes in the number of meals, amount of meal intake, number of snacks, snack intake, frequency of overeating, and appetite during stress than female students. Life stress score of students largely came from academic factors, and female students showed higher stress levels in personal and surrounding environment factors than male students. Life stress score was significantly lower in students with high and moderate levels of dietary habits than in students with a low level of dietary habits. Total score for dietary habits and scores for eating adequate amounts of foods for each meal, considering a combination of food groups at each meal and eating green and orange vegetables, were significantly negatively correlated with life stress score. Life stress score was significantly negatively correlated with meal regularity and positively with the level of overeating. CONCLUSIONS: This study may provide basic information on dietary habits and life stress according to gender and the relationship between dietary behaviors and life stress of middle school students, and it suggests gender-based nutrition education programs to solve undesirable dietary habits and dietary behaviors in students with higher stress.

Identificación y consecuencias de la edorexia / Identification and consequences of binge eating disorder

Introducción: Mediante la comprensión de los procesos biopsicosociales que subyacen a la ingesta excesiva de alimentos, se desea encontrar la solución a la epidemia de la obesidad. La edorexia constituye un síndrome psicológico en el que las personas que lo presentan tienen un apetito desproporcionado y excesivo. El diagnóstico diferencial de la edorexia se debe hacer con algunos de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y la hiperfagia inducida por fármacos. Objetivo: Realizar una breve revisión sobre la edorexia, sus aspectos conceptuales, algunas dimensiones con las que se relaciona, y su repercusión en la salud del ser humano. Método: Se utilizó como buscador de información científica Google Académico. Se emplearon como palabras clave: edorexia, trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, obesidad. Fueron evaluados artículos de revisión e investigación que, en general, tenían menos de 10 años de publicados. La búsqueda se realizó en idioma español, portugués e inglés. Los artículos seleccionados están indexados en diferentes bases de datos (PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane y SciElo), así como páginas web. Fueron excluidos aquellos que no cumplieron con los objetivos y criterios enunciados, lo que permitió el estudio de 60 documentos, de los cuales, 33 fueron referenciados. Conclusiones: Edorexia, o comer por apetito, enfatiza las conductas problemas asociadas a la obesidad, y se compone de 4 elementos fundamentales: la dependencia, la evitación, el componente emocional y el déficit de bienestar psicológico. Es causa de frecuentes secuelas físicas y psicológicas. Se debe prevenir e identificar precozmente, para realizar su adecuado tratamiento y así evitar la afectación de la calidad de vida del paciente(AU)

Introduction: A solution to the obesity epidemic is intended to be found by understanding the biopsychosocial processes underlying excessive food intake. Binge eating disorder (BED) is a psychological syndrome in which sufferers have excessive, disproportionate appetite. A differential diagnosis should be made between binge eating disorder and other eating disorders as well as drug-induced hyperphagia. Objective: Conduct a brief review about binge eating disorder, its conceptual aspects, some dimensions with which it relates, and its impact on human health. Method: Scientific information was obtained from the search engine Google Scholar using the key words binge eating disorder, eating disorders and obesity. Most of the reviews and research studies evaluated had been published in the past 10 years. The search was conducted in Spanish, Portuguese and English. The papers selected were indexed on various databases (PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane, SciELO) and webpages. After excluding papers not meeting the stated aims and criteria, the sample was composed of 60 documents of which 33 were referenced. Conclusions: Binge eating disorder, aka compulsive overeating, enhances the problem behavior associated to obesity, and consists of 4 main elements: dependence, avoidance, the emotional component and psychological well-being deficit. On the other hand, it is the cause of frequent physical and psychological disorders. Early prevention and identification as well as indication of the appropriate treatment are all fundamental so that the quality of life of patients is not affected(AU)

Aspectos afectivos relacionados con la obesidad. Estudio con adolescentes chilenos / Afective aspects related to obesity. Study with Chilean adolescents

Obesity is a disorder that is defined as a complex, multifactorial disease in which an increase of food intake compensates unpleasant emotional states. A qualitative, exploratory study with a sample size of 8 participants age 18 to 25 years old, in Santiago Chile was conducted through structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed using open, axial and selective coding. The analysis found that there is a level of affective activation in obese adolescents when overeating. The emotional response to overeating is driven by unpleasant emotions such as anxiety, anguish, loneliness and sadness; in addition to relevant events that are experienced as triggers. The participants explained that they manifest a negative association in regards to their body image thus feeling societal pressure towards their weight and appearance. It is important to offer new alternatives as well as continuing to better understand the emotional aspects of the disease in regards to understanding, treatment and prevention because of its complex nature. For future investigations, it is suggested to increase the sample size to better confirm the findings

Food Habits, Dietary Intake, and Body Composition in Children with Cerebral Palsy

This study aimed to determine meal-related factors affecting nutritional status, dietary intake, and body composition of children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study was conducted on 16 children with and 16 children without CP, aged 4 to 12 years, through a survey on general characteristics, body composition, eating habits, and nutrient intake. In the case of children with CP, comparisons were made according to classification into types of paralysis (hemiplegia, paraplegia, and quadriplegia). With respect to stature, the percentile of those surveyed was within normal range; however, children with CP were in a significantly lower percentile (p < 0.05) than healthy children. Regarding problems of dietary life, while usually brain-damaged children with CP have an overeating problem, seriously brain-damaged children with CP cannot have a meal by themselves; this was significantly different among the groups (p < 0.01). Regarding average intake of vitamin D and calcium, children with and without CP had a lower intake than required, with no significant difference between the groups. The evaluation of the nutrient status of children with and children without CP showed that children with CP were slow in stature development, and intake of vitamin D and calcium were less than required; therefore, it is necessary to provide education on adequate intake of nutrients. Since CP leads to frequent external intervention to having meals, it is required of parents and teachers to undergo training on adequate eating habits and attitudes.

Relationship between Bone Density, Eating Habit, and Nutritional Intake in College Students

BACKGROUND: The importance of bone health is emphasized throughout the life cycle. Young adults have problems with bone health due to irregular lifestyle and unbalanced diet, but studies related to them are insufficient. The purpose of this study was to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) of college students and to analyze the differences in BMD according to lifestyle. METHODS: BMD was measured by bone ultrasound in 161 male and female college students. The questionnaire was surveyed about lifestyle, eating habits, and nutrient intake status. RESULTS: Osteopenia was 8.8% in male and 10.8% in female. The body fat percentage of female was significantly higher than male. Male college students, smoking, fast food consumption, and overeating rate were significantly higher than female. Nutrient intake was not significantly different between male and female students. But energy and vitamin A and C levels were inadequate, and protein and sodium intake was excessive compared with the recommended nutrient intake for Koreans. BMD was significantly lowest in male who often intake fast food than male who did not intake at all or intake sometimes. Female who often intake fast food had significantly lower BMD than female who did not eat at all. CONCLUSIONS: College students have different BMDs according to lifestyle. There was a difference in BMD according to smoking and fast food consumption.

Dietary Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in School-aged Children / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: An association between dietary patterns and mental health in children has been suggested in a series of studies, yet detailed analyses of dietary patterns and their effects on ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) are limited. METHODS: We included 4569 children who had dietary intake data as part of the CHEER (Children's Health and Environmental Research) study conducted nationwide from 2005 to 2010. We assessed ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) by the DuPaul's ADHD Rating Scales and dietary intake by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using intake data, we constructed five dietary patterns: “Plant foods & fish,” “Sweets,” “Meat & fish,” “Fruits & dairy products,” and “Wheat based.” RESULTS: The overall proportion of ADHD was 12.3%. Boys (17.8%) showed a higher rate of ADHD than girls (6.5%). The total intake of calories (85 kcal) and plant fat (2g) in the ADHD group was significantly higher than that of the normal group. ADHD was significantly negatively associated with dietary habits such as having breakfast and meal frequency, and positively associated with eating speed, unbalanced diet, overeating, and rice consumption. Regarding dietary patterns, the “Sweets” category was relevant to high ADHD risk (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.15 for Q5 vs. Q1) in a linear relationship. An inverse, non-linear association was found between “Fruits & dairy products” and ADHD (OR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.76 for Q4 vs. Q1). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms both positive and negative associations between diet and ADHD in elementary school age children. Moreover, linear or nonlinear associations between diet and ADHD draw attention to the possible threshold role of nutrients. Further studies may consider characteristics of diet in more detail to develop better intervention or management in terms of diet and health.

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Although breakfast is important to nutrition balance, prevention of overeating, and weight control, people in their 20s (males: 55.1%, females: 49.9%) were reported to have the highest rate of skipping breakfast in 2016 Korea Health Statistics. This study aims to examine dietary habits and nutrient intake depending on breakfast frequency among young women in Seoul. METHODS: The subjects were 655 young women in Seoul from August to October 2016, and the survey was performed by using a questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary habits, and eating behavior. Body composition was determined by bioelectric impedance analysis. Nutritional status was examined by the 24-hour recall method. RESULTS: The participants were classified by breakfast intake frequency; ‘≥ 5 times/week (n=160)’, ‘1–4 times/week (n=327)’, and ‘breakfast skipping (n=168)’. The ‘breakfast skipping’ group had lower frequency and regularity of meals. In addition, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had a higher frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. There was no difference in total calories between the ‘breakfast skipping’ group and other groups, but the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly low carbohydrate and fiber intakes. The participants showed lower intakes of calories, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, calcium, potassium, and zinc in comparison with recommended intakes. Especially, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly lower fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, potassium levels compared to the ‘≥ 5 times/week’ group. For Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the ‘breakfast skipping’ group recorded a ratio of 0.60, which was lower than those of other groups. Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) including fiber, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the breakfast skipper group, compared to the breakfast eater group. CONCLUSIONS: The ‘breakfast skipping’ group showed low regularity of meals and a high frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. The breakfast regular eater group showed high intake of micronutrients and quality of meals was high in general. Skipping breakfast could lower nutrient intake and quality of meals, which requires attention.

Dietary Factors Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in School-aged Children / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: An association between dietary patterns and mental health in children has been suggested in a series of studies, yet detailed analyses of dietary patterns and their effects on ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) are limited. METHODS: We included 4569 children who had dietary intake data as part of the CHEER (Children's Health and Environmental Research) study conducted nationwide from 2005 to 2010. We assessed ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) by the DuPaul's ADHD Rating Scales and dietary intake by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using intake data, we constructed five dietary patterns: “Plant foods & fish,” “Sweets,” “Meat & fish,” “Fruits & dairy products,” and “Wheat based.” RESULTS: The overall proportion of ADHD was 12.3%. Boys (17.8%) showed a higher rate of ADHD than girls (6.5%). The total intake of calories (85 kcal) and plant fat (2g) in the ADHD group was significantly higher than that of the normal group. ADHD was significantly negatively associated with dietary habits such as having breakfast and meal frequency, and positively associated with eating speed, unbalanced diet, overeating, and rice consumption. Regarding dietary patterns, the “Sweets” category was relevant to high ADHD risk (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.15 for Q5 vs. Q1) in a linear relationship. An inverse, non-linear association was found between “Fruits & dairy products” and ADHD (OR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.76 for Q4 vs. Q1). CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirms both positive and negative associations between diet and ADHD in elementary school age children. Moreover, linear or nonlinear associations between diet and ADHD draw attention to the possible threshold role of nutrients. Further studies may consider characteristics of diet in more detail to develop better intervention or management in terms of diet and health.

Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of Young Women according to Breakfast Frequency in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Although breakfast is important to nutrition balance, prevention of overeating, and weight control, people in their 20s (males: 55.1%, females: 49.9%) were reported to have the highest rate of skipping breakfast in 2016 Korea Health Statistics. This study aims to examine dietary habits and nutrient intake depending on breakfast frequency among young women in Seoul. METHODS: The subjects were 655 young women in Seoul from August to October 2016, and the survey was performed by using a questionnaire that included general characteristics, dietary habits, and eating behavior. Body composition was determined by bioelectric impedance analysis. Nutritional status was examined by the 24-hour recall method. RESULTS: The participants were classified by breakfast intake frequency; ‘≥ 5 times/week (n=160)’, ‘1–4 times/week (n=327)’, and ‘breakfast skipping (n=168)’. The ‘breakfast skipping’ group had lower frequency and regularity of meals. In addition, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had a higher frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. There was no difference in total calories between the ‘breakfast skipping’ group and other groups, but the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly low carbohydrate and fiber intakes. The participants showed lower intakes of calories, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, niacin, folic acid, calcium, potassium, and zinc in comparison with recommended intakes. Especially, the ‘breakfast skipping’ group had significantly lower fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, potassium levels compared to the ‘≥ 5 times/week’ group. For Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR), the ‘breakfast skipping’ group recorded a ratio of 0.60, which was lower than those of other groups. Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) including fiber, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus were significantly lower in the breakfast skipper group, compared to the breakfast eater group. CONCLUSIONS: The ‘breakfast skipping’ group showed low regularity of meals and a high frequency of eating-out and late-night meals. The breakfast regular eater group showed high intake of micronutrients and quality of meals was high in general. Skipping breakfast could lower nutrient intake and quality of meals, which requires attention.

Analysis of comparisons of eating-out, dietary lifestyles, and healthy dietary competencies among middle-aged consumers according to obesity status and gender for implications of consumer education / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine differences in eating-out, dietary life styles, and healthy dietary competencies among middle-aged consumers according to obesity status and gender for implications of consumer education. METHODS: Data were drawn from the 2016 Food Consumption Behavior Survey, and 3,022 subjects (mail 1,388; female 1,634) who were middle-aged adults were investigated. Analysis of variance with Scheffé test, t-test, χ²-test, and factor analysis were performed using SPSS v.24. RESULTS: Males showed less interest in diet than females. For both males and females, higher BMI degrees were associated with higher levels of interest in diet. For frequency, monthly average consumption expenditure, one-time cost for eating out, and drinking frequency, males showed higher levels than females. Especially for the male group, higher obesity status was associated with higher levels of eating out and drinking. Dietary lifestyles of males and females turned out to be very similar. For the male group, normal weight group was more likely to show ‘health and high quality pursuit dietary life-style’ than the other groups. For females, the normal weight group were more likely to show ‘health and high quality pursuit dietary life-style’ and ‘safety pursuit dietary life-style’ than the other groups. The level of ‘healthy dietary competence’ for females was found to be higher than that for males. For the female group, there were significant differences according to obesity status, and practice was more important than knowledge in determining a healthy dietary life. CONCLUSION: For dietary life-related education for obese middle-aged consumers, it is important to emphasize less eating-out and drinking and less overeating while eating-out based on the results that eating-out, drinking, and overeating in the obesity group were significantly higher than in the normal group. It is important to focus on the value of dietary life and diverse foods, based on the results that the obesity group was less likely to be have healthy dietary lifestyles and consume less diverse foods than the normal group.